Statistics Collecting Crime Statistics - 1206 Words

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON Collecting Crime Statistics Rebekah VanDijk CRCJ 2334.002 Professor Carpenter 20 October 2014 Collecting Crime Statistics Law enforcement agencies use three different sources to collect crime statistics. They use official statistics, victimizations surveys, and self-report surveys as their main sources of collecting data. The University of Texas at Arlington and the University of Texas at Austin both have pretty similar crime statistics. Official statistics include the UCR, Uniform Crime Report, and NIBRS, National Incident-Based Reporting System. UCR is a summary based reporting system that collects data on the eight index crimes, murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, theft, auto theft, and arson. The UCR is published annually by the FBI, but the data is collected by law enforcement agencies all around the United States. UCR looks at trends of crime and gives statistics of crime in certain areas. Three weaknesses of the UCR is it only reports the highest crime committed, so if someone commits burglary and murders someone in the process the UCR will only report the murder, it only reports crimes known to the police, and not all crimes are reported to enhance the view of cities and areas. Although the UCR has weaknesses, it also has its strengths. Three strengths of UCR are that it has multiple years of data available, almost all law enforcement agencies use this to report crimes, and helps la wShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Statistics And Criminal Justice1378 Words   |  6 PagesRole of Statistics in Criminal Justice Nerisa Newton Grambling University Abstract In this paper, the main objective will be to outline the importance of statistics as a method to analyze data in the field of Criminal Justice. Also, this paper will focus on ways in which data is obtained keeping in mind the appropriate statistics to use with the collected data, and how to interpret the findings. In addition, it will review the causes of crimes, the rate at which these crimes occur, predictiveRead MoreThe Uniform Crime Report Is Perceived By The International Association Of Chiefs Of Police770 Words   |  4 PagesUniform Crime Report also knowns as the UCR, is a program that was perceived by the International Association of Chiefs of Police in 1929. This program was essentially created to provide consistent, uniform crime statistics. Around 1930, Congress sanctioned the U.S. attorney general to assess crime in the United States (NACJD, 2010). Thus allowing the UCR program to get underway, tasking the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), with the jobs of gatheri ng, circulating, and archiving all crime statisticsRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Official Statistics In Sociological Research1105 Words   |  5 PagesDisadvantages of Official Statistics Official statistics are quantitative data produced by local and national government bodies, and can cover a wide range of behaviour including births, deaths, marriages and divorce, income, crime, and work and leisure. Official statistics can be produced as a by-product of the normal workings of a government department, but they can also result from research designed specifically to produce them. Two main sources of official statistics are the government and itsRead MoreInvestigation Of The Criminal Justice Field1261 Words   |  6 Pagesdata and statistics on criminal activity across the nation. By collecting this data we can better know when and where crimes are happening and try to provide a solution to stopping them. However, people bring into question the accuracy and usefulness of crime statistics as they merely reflect the views of the policy makers. Two sources that collect and publish crime data and statistics are the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program, and the National Crime Victim Survey (NCVS). The Uniform Crime ReportingRead MoreThe Importance Of Statistics In Policy Support739 Words   |  3 PagesStatistics in Policy Support Statistical data is very important to the field of Criminal Justice because before the accounting of police data, police work was largely reactionary instead of today’s prevention driven policies. Information gleaned from crime data not only gives a picture of how crime is increasing or reducing in specific areas; it helps law enforcement prepare plans of action to combat crime in specific areas. Sources such as the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), whichRead MoreOutline and Assess the Usefulness of Official Statistics of Crime to Sociologists.965 Words   |  4 Pagesof official statistics of crime to sociologists. There are three main sources of information about the crimes for sociologists – the official crime statistics, which are collected by the police and are presented as secondary data for sociologists; victim survey such as British Crime Survey, which is also collected by the police and sponsored by the government, and in order to collect primary data sociologists use self-report studies and its aim is to uncover the true amount of crime in the societyRead MoreMeasuring Crime Essay914 Words   |  4 Pages Measuring Crime Crime measurement and statistics for police departments are very important when it comes to money allotment, staffing needs or termination and it is also used to determine the effectiveness of new laws and programs. There are three tools used to measure major crime in the United States: Uniform Crime Reports, National Crime Victimization Survey and the National Incident Based Reporting System- which is currently being tested to replace the Uniform Crime Reports. AlthoughRead MoreMethods Of Measure Crimes And Collect Data964 Words   |  4 PagesIn this assignment I am going to outline the methods used to measure crimes and collect data. For instances, victim survey (also known as British crime survey) and police records are two methods used to collect data from those affect by crime in England and Wales by the Home Office Crime Statistics. Both provide different trends of crime and discuss the level repeated victamisations and reporting incidents as well as crime committed against the public such as particularly for offences involving physicalRead MoreThe Uniform Crime Reports The National Incident Based Reporting System978 Words   |  4 PagesThe Uniform Crime Reports verses The National Incident Based Reporting System The purpose of this abstract is to critically review the primary data sources used in the criminological research. The two key factors that measures crime are distinguished: official crime statistics, which are based on the compile data records of offenders and offenses processed by the police, courts, and corrections agencies; and unofficial crime statistics, which are produced by people and agencies outside the criminalRead MoreEvaluate the usefulness of quantitative methods in sociological research990 Words   |  4 Pageshypotheses of what the researcher expects to find, developing instruments and methods for measuring the data, experimental control and manipulation of variables, collecting the data, modeling and analyzing the data. and then evaluating the results. Quantitative methods can be questionnaires or interviews with closed-ended questions, statistics, the use of secondary data and experiments (with a control group and an experimental group). Questionnaires constitute a quantitative approach that is associated

Representation Of Women And Femininity - 1557 Words

The media, in all forms, plays a significant role in constructing and promoting the normative notions of femininity and masculinity. Gentlemen’s Quarterly, or GQ, is a men’s magazine which, focuses primarily on male’s fashion and culture through advertisements and articles of varying topics. Despite being a men‘s magazine, there is a fair amount of women and femininity displayed throughout the magazine. This paper will be focusing on and analyzing only the visual representation of women and femininity within the men’s magazine. There are three main modes in which women and femininity are shown in the visuals of the magazine. First, Femininity, in this September 2014 edition of GQ, is often displayed through the application of males exhibiting feminine qualities. Second, notions of women and femininity are shown through the interactions between males and females throughout the magazine, being almost exclusively showing women as accessories for the men . Finally, the subjects of interest are shown through females in ads with solely female models. The magazine enforces many of the social norms dictating what femininity should be and how females should act. Additionally, despite the magazine mostly using female models in a degrading way, it proceeds to, on many occasions, seemingly mask masculinity behind feminine characteristics. Throughout the magazine, femininity can be observed through males expressing feminine qualities. Within the first few pages, this idea is clearlyShow MoreRelatedRepresentation of Women and Femininity in She and Arabian Nights1365 Words   |  6 Pagesmarried to Shahrazad. Her generous nature to save other women in the kingdom that motivates her to the marriage. The dominant themes in the two novels are heroism, courage and ever-present sense of danger. Ayesha and Shahrazad are two different women in different situations. Both of these characters have shown the themes of female authority and feminine beha viour but in their own ways. Feminism can be explained in a very simple way that women are equals to men which means that they are as intelligentRead MoreSocial Construction And Its Impact On Society Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesDepictions of Femininity Across Multiple Races Femininity is the ideal or qualities that pertain to females or womanhood. The ideal of femininity is one that reaches globally due to the international understanding of womanhood. The idea of femininity does not indicate that women are limited to specific women and gender roles. Instead, it is an understanding and connection of women that stretches across borders. However, it is essential to make note that the experiences and depictions of all women are notRead MoreAnalysis Of Jamieson s The Double Bind And A Bitch 833 Words   |  4 PagesJamieson (1995) Beyond the Double Bind, Double Bind Number Four: Femininity/Competence The sixth chapter in Jamieson’s (1995) book Beyond the Double Bind works strictly with the bind of femininity and competence. This is the bind where women have to balance a fine line between feminine and masculine without tipping the scale. If a candidate shows too much femininity, she risks losing brains, and authority. On the other hand, if a candidate is not feminine enough, she becomes too masculine, strongRead MoreGrowing Up Where, No One Looked Like Me, : Gender, Race, Hip Hop And Identity Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesIn the article, Growing Up Where â€Å"No One Looked Like Me†: Gender, Race, Hip Hop and Identity in Vancouver Canada, author Gillian Creese examines the dimensions of gender and racialization, this study exemplifies how African-Canadian men and women are constantly faced and conflicted with identity issues. The study conducted interviews with second generation African-Canadians, ages nineteen to thirties. Participants were asked to recall mome nts from their childhood, in particularly their adolescenceRead MoreThe Self Representation Of Young Women899 Words   |  4 PagesThe self-representation of young women today, however, is limited by social and political forces. The bodies of young Australian women are still governed by laws and regulations around female bodily autonomy, including the criminalisation of sex work and the difficulty in accessing abortions. Females are continually blamed for their own sexual assault and rape, and young women are still sent home from school over their dress code. In a study sponsored by VicHealth, it is revealed that up to â€Å"1 inRead MoreGender Bending : Femininity And Masculinity928 Words   |  4 PagesBending Womanhood is often associated with femininity while manhood with masculinity. Masculinity is the idea that men are tough both physically and mentally. Femininity, a term associated with being a women and used to describe a women’s comportment and attitude. A gentle individual, male or female, who wear dresses, skirts, high heels, makeup, have long hair is considered feminine. Unfortunately this term is used to define womanhood, if a women does not portray feminine characteristics sheRead MoreAn Analysis Of George Cuviers Hottentot 1150 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican colonizers and promised a better life. Instead, she was displayed in U.S freak shows simply because her capturers and audience were curiously fascinated with her large buttocks and labia, in which she was presented as a freak of nature. Men and women from all over the country traveled to gaze upon her nude and exploited physicality, where she was denied of her language, which also contributed to the deni al of her humanity. Her master, George Cuvier attempted to use science to justify the imposedRead MoreSummary Of Homosexuality In Kushners Angels In America729 Words   |  3 PagesFemininity is something that can often be overlooked by the authors of any literary piece. During the time of â€Å"Angels in America†, Homosexuality was not something that was as widely noticed, or even respected, during the 1990s, in which the play was written. The play, taking place in Manhattan, New York, being a fairly loud city, homosexuality would generally be something that is not widely accepted. Kushner represented the ups and downs of homosexuality and a character with aids, becoming realisticRead MoreVisual images Reinforce Traditional Gender and Sexuality Stereotypes948 Words   |  4 Pagesinteractions with others† . These stereotypical representations of men and women depicted in advertisements invoke gender identities and reinforce societal values and attitudes towards gende r roles. Renowned Canadian sociologist Erving Goffman stated that the stereotypical portrayal of gender â€Å"insinuates its way into our collective cultural consciousness, even our individual psyches, normalising certain traits associated with masculinity and femininity, men and women, and impacting upon how we frame and defineRead MoreCosmetics: Depicting False Femininity in Vogue Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s contemporary society, magazines, such as Vogue, depict women utilizing cosmetics to enhance their natural features in order to achieve the central goal of attractiveness. This idea of a consumerist society causes women to become objects of desire and victims of suppression, impacting their individual identities. The concept of consumerism allows Vogue to profit materially, targeting certain aspects of culture through three methodological tools of research, such as ethnography, textual

Leadership in the Work Environment Free Essays

The ability to be a successful supervisor does not center on being an expert in the tasks of the company. If one is a supervisor in a bottling company, success will not derive from the number of bottles that are capped, but by orchestrating personnel to be effective in the product line that caps the bottles. As such, the supervisor must pay a firm – yet benevolent – role with employees in order to make the employees as productive as possible within the grand scheme of company goals. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in the Work Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now When it comes to the personnel who comprise the totality of the workforce, there can be issues that exist that are somewhat hostile. Whether employees are unhappy with co-workers or there is an anger directed towards management, such hostility must be addressed by an effective supervisory leader so as to return to a level of harmony and productivity. So how would I apply my skills to be an effective leader? By using my skills at understanding diversity; and effectively communicating in order to facilitate my leadership role. No work environment will be completely harmonious and it is the supervisor’s responsibility to effectively restore a sense of harmony to the work environment. This will require a great leadership role on the part of the supervisor, but far too often people will assume leadership means being firm or, worse, dictatorial. Such actions may work on a short term basis, but ultimately, such a heavy handed approach will lead to failure. In order to be an effective leader, one needs to temper firmness with a compassion and sensitivity that will greatly allow for stronger bonding between management and employee. This bonding will eventually provide the impetus for  subordinates to follow the guidelines of those in leadership roles and managerial positions. On a baseline level, there needs to be an understanding as to the complexity that can exist within the workforce. Often, that complexity derives from the great diversity of the people who comprise the entirety of the workforce. People come from all walks of life, from a multitude of cultures, ages, backgrounds, etc. Because of this, misunderstanding can result from a lack of understanding of the cultural sensitivities of the individuals. On a baseline level, it is the supervisor’s/manager’s responsibility to become well versed in diversity. There are those critics of diversity training that suggest that such training is a waste of productivity. This is a very knee jerk reaction to the subject that is not entirely based in reality. The reason for this is that the time spent on diversity training will allow the supervisor to understand how to communicate effectively with those under his or her supervision. This ability to communicate on a culturally sensitive level will eliminate a great many problems that may exist in the office environment. By eliminating these problems, productivity is no longer seriously threatened. Of course, there needs to be a solid development of basic communicative school (written and oral) in order to effectively deal with their subordinates. Without solid communicative skills, a supervisor will never be able to effectively present company policies or important issues to employees. In other words, there can be no leadership without effective communicative abilities. How successful could any supervisor be if the ability to supervise was undermined by being ineffective in the role as a company  communicator? More than likely, the supervisor would be very ineffective in even the most minor aspects of the position much less highly complex and sensitive aspects. Consider the following: when a supervisor effectively communicates with subordinates while tempering sensitivity to the employees’ specific needs and concerns, then the employees develops and attitude that will be more willing to follow the guidelines of the supervisor. In other words, leadership becomes effective because faith and trust in the leadership of the supervisor becomes affirmed. Consider the opposite extreme: the frustrated supervisor who uses threats of disciplinary action or verbal belittlement as a means of ‘motivating’ employees. While such tactics may force employees into following the directives that have been put forth, they will do so begrudgingly. In most cases, such employees will be looking to leave such a job as soon as the opportunity permits. While these employees may take orders from a superior, the superior is hardly being an effective leader and CERTAINLY such actions can not be used to smooth over any hostilities that might exist in the workforce. As such, belligerent tactics of this ilk must be avoided at all costs. In summation, in order to be a successful leader and smooth over any issues that may arise in the workforce requires two things: a sensitivity towards the diversity of the workforce and a solid skill in communicative abilities in order to effectively convey the message of leadership. If these areas are lacking, effective leadership will be undermined. If these skills are developed to a significant degree, the ability to be an effective leader will be greatly enhanced. Ultimately, it becomes the choice of the individual whether or not to develop such skills and it will be a true leader will take up the challenge. How to cite Leadership in the Work Environment, Essay examples

Organizational Learning Journal of Applied Communication

Question: Describe about the Organizational Learning for Journal of Applied Communication. Answer: Introduction The changes experienced in the current century are presenting numerous challenges to the modern class of societal and organizational leadership. Any organization that is to survive in the ever-changing world must embrace organizational learning. Organizational learning is the ability to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills as an individual or as a group regarding the changing environment, transfer the learned competencies within the organization and guide the organization to adequate performance (Azmi, 2008). An effective modern leader must know how to acquire the skills, share with the group and apply them to transform the institution capacity to perform in new environments. Thus, the paper seeks to use organizational learning theories; experiential theory, social learning theory, assimilation theory, situated learning theory and community of practice and adaptive and generative learning theory to outline how a leader can know, go and show the way. Experiential Learning Theory Experiential learning theory notes that learning takes place through experience. The theory focuses on the learners cognitive abilities to learn from new and challenging situations and transforming the experience into actions. According to Hedin (2000), the development of new ideas and ways of doing things is stimulated by experience. The theory posits that active learning is guided by a cycle of four stages; concrete experience where the learner comes across new situations that force him to do things differently. The reflective observation phase comprises of the learners ability to observe and understand the unfolding. After critical reflection of the experience, the learner engages in a thought-provoking process and develops new ideas or update the exist practices and finally put it into practice to get the desired results. Hayward (2002) notes that though experience, leaders will derive new competencies from any challenging situation, come up with policies to actualize the new ide as and involve the stakeholders for the success of the process. Hence, a good leader will learn from experience, act on the new ideas and guide people on the implementation. For example, the Marriot international company policies of helping disaster-stricken victims, team building and affiliative leadership were facilitated by experiential learning theory. The company which employs people of different cultures was faced with a crisis of regular employees conflict forcing some to leave the workplace. The management learned that conflicts was as a result of lifestyle intolerance among employees and resolved to engage the workers in different tasks of helping disaster-stricken victims in various regions and embark on team building to foster tolerance. The management was able to solve the conflicts and now has a happy diverse workforce. Social Learning Theory The social learning theory stresses that learning occurs in a social context where people learn with and from other people through cognitive processes. Scholz, Dewulf Pahl-Wostl (2014) claims that people learn through observing the behavior of others, evaluate the appropriateness of the consequences and imitating the behavior. The theory points out that for effective learning to occur, the actions of others must capture the attention of the observer and be remembered easily. The reproduction process comprises of the ability to perform the exact actions as observed. However, the critical learning process in this theory is the capacity to relate with the consequences of imitating the actions. Actions perceived to produce highest rewards prompt the willingness to emulate the activities. Leaders can learn socially today through interacting with right people and gaining insights on the trends been deliberated and evaluating the necessity of adopting the practices (Aounallah, 2014). Thus, Organizational leaders should observe the changes in the industries and the measures people are putting in place to handle the changes. Additionally, the leaders should evaluate the significance of those practices and adopt the practices that will yield maximum benefits while guiding their followers to the best mode of implementing the practices. For example, the ASB bank in New Zealand engaged in social learning theory when integrating technology in the bank. The firm set up a new technology system in the bank, launched mobile banking and availed customer cares services on social networking sites in 2013. The banks CEO, Barbara Chapman, admits observing most banks in the industry reaping from simplified and faster services due technology advancement. The CEO launched up strategies to successfully implement the observations and guided the workforce through training. Hence, the bank learned socially; observing and imitating beneficial trends in the industry Assimilation Theory The assimilation learning theory dictates that effective learning occurs through the integration of the newly acquired skills with the existing knowledge. According to Harrison (2000), meaningful learning requires the learner to comprehend the development of the new skills and assimilate them to broaden the concepts. The theory suggests that meaningful learning is built on knowledge acquisition, sharing and utilization through integrating with the already held knowledge. The key to the effective acquisition and use of new knowledge by learners is what they know (Vera Crossan, 2004). The leaders can acquire new knowledge through observation or experience and focus on what they know to improve their practices. Additionally, the leaders should share the newly acquired knowledge with the workforce through a broad range of organizational methods and guide on the skills development necessary to benefit the organization. Thus, using assimilation learning theory, leaders can observe and pic k knowledge from new situations, develop it with the help of what they already know and share with the workforce to facilitate the adoption. For example, Porsche Automotive Company embraced assimilation theory when manufacturing the luxurious Cayenne turbo sports car an improvement of the Macan crossover SUVs. The CEO, Oliver Blume, admits they experienced competition from rival companies such as BMW who launched luxurious and high-speed cars that resonated well with speed lovers. The Company put the observation into actions, sending their engineers to more training and came up with a unique brand with an acceleration of 60km/hr in 4.2 seconds. Thus, the company used the already held knowledge on making speedy sports car to produce more improved products. Situated Learning Theory and the Community of Practice Situated theory and community of practice model posit that involvement and interaction are crucial aspects that facilitate learning. Wenger Snyder (2000) note that social interactions and involving in activities guided by certain beliefs, behaviors and cultures are the perfect grounds for learning and becoming experts. The theory advocates for active relating with the learning activity through carrying out the tasks, hence, learning while doing. People have the ability to gain experience and look like experts in solving issues when the actively engage in community activities (Levitt March, 1988). The quality of Cooperation for a leader is very crucial in understanding and relating to the issue at hand. The leaders can build trust with the followers and win their will to engage in problem-solving activities for the benefit of the community. Hence, leaders can know about organizational and communal problems through being at the center of different practices and initiate measures to s olve the problems and guide people in the best ways. For example, the Common Wealth Bank of Australia leadership was guided by situated learning and community of practice theory when launching the community seed program. The bank marketing and communication department involves actively in the social media dialogue and online challenges with the customers to know what they need. As a strategy to keep on learning from the customers and enhance their services, the community seed program elicits conversation as voting for particular organizations continue. Hence, the leadership learns through online interaction, raise strategies to implement customers need and guide their workforce on successful implementation. Adaptive and Generative Learning Theory The adaptive and generative learning model stresses that learning occurs through development or modification of the existing knowledge. Chiva, Grando Alegre (2010) note that active learning encompasses engaging and connecting with activity, reflecting and cognitively choosing of the best conduct. Adaptive theory demands that a learner pays attention to the existing knowledge and influence it with improved thinking to achieve set targets. The generative approach advocates for a learner to engage in a thought-provoking process to come up with non-existing ways of doing things. A learner should engage in a cognitive process to evaluate the different mode of doing things and supplement his practices or come up with entirely new methods (Sharma, Gupta Wickramasinghe, 2005). Using the adaptive and generative learning theory, leaders should strive to gain knowledge through observations and experience and engage in thoughts on how to leverage product and brands. Furthermore, the modern lea dership can engage in research, experimenting with various practices to come up with the suitable mode of doing things (Bass, 2000). Thus, successful leaders should learn through provocative thinking, adopting the best practice and transferring the knowledge to the workforce. For example, the Asahi soft drink company used the adaptive and generative learning theory when coming up with new products such as Asahi Soukai and new Schweppes. The CEO, Atsushi Katsuki admits the company faced challenges of changes in customer preferences and stiff competition from other brands such as Coca-Cola. The company used the adaptive theory and enhanced their products through improved thinking. Additionally, the company closed some production plants to reduce the cost of production and compete effectively; a clear indicator of generative learning. Conclusion Consequently, various organizational learning theories outline the different way of acquiring knowledge. Consulting the models will allow leaders develop necessary competencies when encountered with challenging situations. The leaders will develop strategies to actualize the new ideas and guide the followers to successful implements the ideas. Hence, a good leader will learn, act and show the way. Referencing Azmi, F. T. (2008). Organizational Learning: Crafting a Strategic Framework. The Icfai University Journal of Business Strategy, 5(2), 58-70. Aounallah, N. (2014). The New Social Learning: A Guide to Transforming Organizations through Social Media. Journal of Applied Communications, 98(1), 6-8. Bass, B. M. (2000). The Future of Leadership in Learning Organizations. Journal of leadership organizational studies, 7(3), 18-40. Chiva, R., Grando, A., Alegre, J. (2010). Adaptive and Generative Learning: Implications from Complexity Theories. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(2), 114-129. Harrison, R. (2000). Learning, Knowledge Productivity and Strategic Progress. International Journal of Training and Development, 4(4), 244-258. Hayward, M. L. (2002). When Do Firms Learn from their Acquisition Experience? Evidence from 1990 to 1995. Strategic management journal, 23(1), 21-39. Hedin, N. (2010). Experiential Learning: Theory and Challenges. Christian Education Journal, 7(1), 107. Levitt, B., March, J. G. (1988). Organizational Learning. Annual review of sociology, 319-340. Scholz, G., Dewulf, A., Pahl-Wostl, C. (2014). An Analytical Framework of Social Learning Facilitated by Participatory ,Methods. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 27(6), 575-591. Sharma, S. K., Gupta, J. N., Wickramasinghe, N. (2005). A Framework for Building a Learning Organisation in the 21st Century. International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 2(3), 261-273. Vera, D., Crossan, M. (2004). Strategic Leadership and Organizational Learning. Academy of management review, 29(2), 222-240. Wenger, E. C., Snyder, W. M. (2000). Communities of practice: The Organizational Frontier. Harvard business review, 78(1), 139-146.